📝 Flow specification in IntServ (10 MCQs)

📖 Explanation: The rate is calculated as $480 \times 30 \times 24 = 345{,}600$ bits per second. Converting to kilobits gives $345{,}600/1{,}000 = 345.6$ kbps. Option B directly matches the exact bit‑per‑second value, confirming it as the correct answer.

📖 Explanation: The original rate is $1920 \times 1080 \times 30 \times 24 = 1{,}492{,}992{,}000$ bits/s (≈1.493 Gbps). A 50 % reduction halves this to $746{,}496{,}000$ bits/s, about 746.5 Mbps. Option D provides this value, making it the correct choice.

📖 Explanation: To meet the 500 Mbps ceiling, the original 1.493 Gbps must be divided by 0.5 Gbps, yielding a ratio of roughly 3:1. Since the question asks for the minimum ratio, the closest integer ratio that satisfies the constraint is 3:1, which corresponds to option A.

📖 Explanation: The 480‑pixel video needs $480 \times 30 \times 24 = 345{,}600$ bps, while the 1080p video needs $1{,}492{,}992{,}000$ bps. Dividing the larger by the smaller gives roughly $1{,}492{,}992{,}000 / 345{,}600 \approx 4{,}320$. Thus the HD stream requires about 4,300 times more bandwidth, matching option B.

📖 Explanation: The increase factor is $32/24 = 4/3$, which is a $33.\overline{3}\%$ rise. Converting this to a percentage gives approximately 33.3 %. Option C reflects this calculation, making it the correct answer.

📖 Explanation: MPEG uses motion‑compensated prediction to estimate how pixels move from one frame to the next, storing only the residual differences. This targets temporal redundancy, which dominates video data. Option A captures this mechanism accurately, so it is the correct choice.

📖 Explanation: Motion‑compensated prediction exploits frame‑to‑frame similarity, and quantizing the residuals discards imperceptible details, often achieving roughly a 50 % reduction while preserving quality. This combination (option D) is the most suitable for the stated goal.

📖 Explanation: The Nyquist theorem states that to accurately capture a signal, the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency component. In video, raising the frame rate raises the temporal sampling frequency, thereby demanding more bandwidth. Option A correctly identifies this principle.

📖 Explanation: The required factor equals the original rate divided by the target: $1.493\text{ Gbps} / 0.1\text{ Gbps} \approx 14.93$. Rounding to the nearest whole number gives a 15:1 compression ratio, which is option D.

📖 Explanation: Halving the frame rate cuts the data rate by 50 %, and halving the color depth also cuts it by 50 %. Both operations thus produce the same proportional reduction, making option C the correct statement.